Black bowa(dzina la sayansi: Auricularia auricula (L.ex Hook.) Underw), yomwe imadziwikanso kuti khutu la nkhuni, njenjete, Dingyang, bowa wamtengo, khutu la nkhuni lopepuka, khutu la nkhuni labwino ndi khutu lamtambo, ndi bowa wa saprophytic yemwe amamera pamitengo yowola. . Bowa wakuda ndi wooneka ngati tsamba kapena wooneka ngati nkhalango, wokhala ndi m'mphepete mwa mafunde, woonda, 2 mpaka 6 cm mulifupi, pafupifupi 2 mm wokhuthala, wokhazikika pagawo laling'ono lokhala ndi phesi lalifupi lozungulira kapena maziko opapatiza. Kumayambiriro kwa nthawi, zimakhala zofewa komanso zokometsera, zomata komanso zotanuka, kenako zimakhala za cartilaginous. Ikaumitsa, imafota mwamphamvu ndikukhala yakuda, yolimba komanso yolimba ngati nyanga pafupifupi yachikopa. Mphepete yakunja yam'mbuyo imakhala yooneka ngati arc, yofiirira-bulauni mpaka kumdima wabuluu-imvi, ndipo imakhala ndi tsitsi lalifupi.
Madera otentha a Kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Asia, makamaka kumpoto kwa China, ndi komwe kumakhalako zakutchirebowa wakuda. M'madera otentha a North America ndi Australia, bowa wakuda ndi wosowa kwambiri ndipo amapezeka kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Australia. Elderberry ndi oak ndi malo omwe amapezeka kwa bowa wakuda ku Europe, koma chiwerengerocho ndi chosowa.
China ndi kwawo kwabowa wakuda. Mtundu waku China udazindikira ndikukulitsa bowa wakuda kuyambira nthawi ya Shennong zaka 4,000 zapitazo, ndipo adayamba kulima ndikudya. Buku la "Book of Rites" limalembanso zakumwa kwa bowa wakuda pamaphwando achifumu. Malinga ndi kafukufuku wamakono wa sayansi, zomwe zili ndi mapuloteni, mavitamini ndi chitsulo mu bowa wakuda wouma ndizokwera kwambiri. Mapuloteni ake ali ndi ma amino acid osiyanasiyana, makamaka lysine ndi leucine. Bowa wakuda si chakudya chokha, komanso angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati mankhwala achi China. Ndi imodzi mwazomera zofunika kwambiri zomwe zimapanga bowa wamankhwala achi China. Lili ndi mankhwala angapo monga kubwezeretsa qi ndi magazi, kunyowetsa mapapu ndikuchotsa chifuwa, ndi kusiya kutuluka magazi.
Black bowaamalimidwa pamitengo. Pambuyo pakukula bwino kwa kulima m'malo kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1980, kulima m'malo kwakhala njira yayikulu yolima bowa wakuda.
Black bowaKulima Kubzala kwa bowa wakuda kumakhala ndi njira yolondola kwambiri, mwa zomwe zazikulu ndi izi:
Kusankha ndi kumanga munda wamakutu
Posankha munda wa makutu, mikhalidwe yayikulu ndi mpweya wabwino ndi kuwala kwa dzuwa, ngalande zosavuta ndi kuthirira, ndikupewa kuwononga magwero. Pomanga makutu, ndikofunikira kusankha waya wachitsulo wa chimango, womwe umatha kupulumutsa zopangira, kukonza mpweya wabwino komanso kufalitsa kuwala, komanso kubwezanso. Kupopera kwa madzi kumachitidwa makamaka ndi chithandizo chapamwamba, chomwe chingapangitse kuti kupopera madzi kukhale kofanana ndi kusunga madzi. Zida zopopera madzi zimayenera kukonzedwa munda usanamangidwe.
Kusakaniza zipangizo
Zosakaniza za bowa wakuda ndi kusakaniza mofanana zosakaniza zazikulu, calcium carbonate ndi bran, ndiyeno kusintha madzi kukhala pafupifupi 50%.
Kunyamula katundu
Thumba zakuthupi ndi otsika-anzanu polyethylene zakuthupi, ndi mfundo za 14.7m×53cm×0.05cm. Chikwamacho chiyenera kukhala chowundana mokwanira popanda kufewa, ndipo nthawi yomweyo, onetsetsani kuti thumba lililonse la chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe ndi pafupifupi 1.5kg.
Inoculation
Izi zisanachitike, chinsalu cha chikhalidwe chokhetsedwa chiyenera kuchepetsedwa. Kenako, tcherani khutu popha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'bokosi la inoculation. Nthawi yophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda iyenera kuyendetsedwa kupitilira theka la ola. Katemera singano ndi manja ayenera kutsukidwa ndi padzuwa, ndiyeno mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi kuchapa ndi mowa. Kupsyinjika kumatha kuviikidwa pafupifupi 300 nthawi za carbendazim kwa mphindi zisanu. Pambuyo pake, ikhoza kuumitsa padzuwa. Ogwira ntchito yoteteza katemera ayenera kusamba m'manja ndi mowa, ndikuumitsa m'bokosi la katemera.
Kulima bowa
M'kati mwa kukulabowa wakuda, ulalo uwu ndi wofunikira. Kasamalidwe ka bowa ndiye chinsinsi chokulitsa bowa wakuda. Ndizokhudza kuwongolera kutentha kwa wowonjezera kutentha moyenera, zomwe zimagwirizana mwachindunji ndi kupulumuka kwa mycelium. Choncho, kulamulira mwamphamvu kuyenera kuperekedwa, ndipo kutentha kuyenera kukwaniritsa miyezo yeniyeni. Ponena za kuyika kwa mycelium, ndodo za bowa ziyenera kuikidwa mu mulu "wowongoka" pambuyo pa inoculation. Kuti mulowetse ndodo za bowa za mabowo atatu ndi mabowo anayi, ziyenera kudziwika kuti chilondacho chimayikidwa pamwamba. Chipsera cha katemera wa njira ziwiri chiyenera kuyang'ana mbali zonse. Muluwu ndi pafupifupi 7 wosanjikiza. Pamwamba wosanjikiza, tcherani khutu ku chithandizo cha shading cha mbali ya doko la inoculation kuti mupewe madzi achikasu.
Zakudya zopatsa thanzi
Black bowasi yosalala ndi zokoma, komanso wolemera mu zakudya. Imasangalala ndi mbiri ya "nyama pakati pa odya zamasamba" ndi "mfumu ya zamasamba". Ndiwodziwika bwino tonic. Malinga ndi kafukufuku ndi kusanthula koyenera, 100g iliyonse ya bowa watsopano imakhala ndi 10.6g ya mapuloteni, 0.2g yamafuta, 65.5g yamafuta, 7g ya cellulose, ndi mavitamini ndi michere yambiri monga thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, carotene, calcium, phosphorous. ,ndi chitsulo. Pakati pawo, chitsulo ndi chochuluka kwambiri. 100g iliyonse ya bowa watsopano imakhala ndi 185mg yachitsulo, yomwe imakhala yoposa 20 kuposa udzu winawake, womwe uli ndi chitsulo chapamwamba kwambiri pakati pa masamba a masamba, ndipo pafupifupi 7 nthawi zambiri kuposa chiwindi cha nkhumba, chomwe chili ndi chitsulo chochuluka kwambiri pakati pa zakudya za nyama. Choncho, amadziwika kuti "iron ngwazi" pakati pa zakudya. Kuphatikiza apo, puloteni ya bowa wakuda imakhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya amino acid, kuphatikiza lysine, leucine ndi ma amino acid ena ofunikira mthupi la munthu, omwe ali ndi phindu lalikulu lazachilengedwe. Bowa wakuda ndi bowa wa colloid, womwe uli ndi colloid yambiri, yomwe imakhala ndi mafuta abwino odzola m'thupi la munthu, imatha kuthetsa zakudya zotsalira ndi zinthu zopanda mafuta m'mimba ndi m'matumbo, ndipo zimakhala ndi zotsatira zowonongeka pazinthu zakunja monga zotsalira zamatabwa ndi fumbi lamchenga zomwe zimadyedwa mwangozi. Choncho, ndi chisankho choyamba cha zakudya zathanzi kwa opota thonje ndi omwe akuchita migodi, fumbi, ndi chitetezo cha pamsewu. Ma phospholipids mu bowa wakuda ndi zakudya zama cell a ubongo wamunthu ndi ma cell a minyewa, ndipo ndi othandiza komanso otsika mtengo muubongo kwa achinyamata ndi ogwira ntchito zamaganizidwe.
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Nthawi yotumiza: Dec-19-2024